Fed Beige Book: Most districts described little or no net change in overall employment levels; Since the prior Beige Book, two of the twelve Federal Reserve districts reported moderate growth in economic activity

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Fed Beige Book: Most districts described little or no net change in overall employment levels; Since the prior Beige Book, two of the twelve Federal Reserve districts reported moderate growth in economic activity

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Overall Economic Activity

  • Since the prior Beige Book, two of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts reported moderate growth in economic activity.
  • Three Districts reported modest growth, while four reported slight growth, and three reported no significant change.
  • Robust, broad-based growth in manufacturing led the moderate growth reported in the Dallas District.
  • While not as robust, another six Districts reported modest to moderate growth from their manufacturing firms.
  • The remaining five Districts noted little or no manufacturing growth.
  • Reports on other sectors indicate little growth overall.
  • Most Districts reported little or no change in overall consumer spending.
  • Auto contacts noted flat to modestly lower sales in five of the six Districts that reported.
  • Over half of the Districts noted that consumer spending was driven by high-income households.
  • Even in Dallas, where District firms reported solid retail sales, there were “some reports of lower-income customers being more cautious with spending.”
  • Tourism continued to grow, but firms in the Boston, Minneapolis, and San Francisco Districts noted a decline in sales from Canadian tourists.
  • Overall, most Districts reported that firms have maintained a positive economic outlook for the coming months.
  • However, expectations tend to be for slight growth, weighted toward manufacturing and burdened by persistent uncertainties.

Labor Markets

  • Most Districts described little or no net change in overall employment levels.
  • While three Districts described modest increases, five reported slight increases, and four reported no significant change.
  • Overall, labor market conditions were little changed.
  • Labor supply was generally adequate to meet demand; however, shortages persisted for specialized, technical, and skilled trade workers.
  • Five Districts reported that some firms had either reduced staffing levels (through attrition), delayed hiring, or anticipated less job creation after increasing productivity by investing in AI.
  • Five Districts described moderate growth in overall wages, four reported modest growth, and two reported slight growth.
  • Several Districts noted that inflation has spawned additional wage pressure in the form of higher cost-of-living demands from individuals as well as challenges from rising benefit costs.
  • Staffing contacts in the Boston District noted that workers were motivated to seek new jobs as wage increases lagged inflation.

Prices

  • Three Districts characterized overall price growth as robust, while eight noted that growth was moderate—and three of the eight noted that input price pressures were intensifying, if not already growing robustly.
  • One District reported modest price growth.
  • Moreover, four Districts reported that the pace of price increases picked up since the prior period.
  • Higher oil prices permeated all District reports.
  • Firms reported elevated diesel prices and noted that fuel surcharges were passing on increased costs throughout the supply chain.
  • Contacts in multiple Districts also noted continued price pressure from other commodities, tariffs, and insurance.
  • Consumer-facing firms noted tighter profit margins as price-sensitive customers continue to resist price hikes.
  • Contacts are managing their margins with selective price hikes, targeted incentives, and menu changes that reduce their costs.
  • Firms in several Districts cited persistent uncertainty around energy and tariffs and expect that prices will increase further in the coming months, as existing contracts expire, and firms must renegotiate hedge contracts for their own inputs and/or delivery contracts to their customers.

Context

The Beige Book is qualitative input to the FOMC rather than a market-moving print; it rarely reprices the curve on its own, but it shapes the narrative officials cite at subsequent meetings, and its language on employment and prices tends to be echoed in the following statement and press conference. The read here is stagflationary in flavour: flat hiring alongside persistent and in places intensifying price growth, with oil, tariffs, and insurance named as input pressures and consumer-facing firms reporting margin compression as lower-income households resist pass-through. That split, resilient activity concentrated in manufacturing and high-income consumption against a cooling, K-shaped consumer, is the pattern that has historically complicated the policy debate, since it argues against both aggressive easing and additional tightening. The AI-related attrition and delayed hiring reported across five districts is a newer recurring theme in recent editions and is worth tracking as a slow-moving supply-side labour signal rather than a cyclical one. The precedential sequence is that a Beige Book of this complexion raises the salience of the next inflation and payroll prints ahead of the meeting, and the tells are whether officials begin citing its tariff and energy pass-through language and whether wage pressure from cost-of-living demands shows up in the hard compensation data. Direction of any reaction has historically run through the front end via the perceived balance between the employment and inflation mandates, not through the document itself.

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